The aim of this research is to investigate object omission based on Role and Reference Grammar. object omission is a valency-reduction process in which a verb which is transitive in nature, appears without its object. This study, will indicate semantic, syntactic and pragmatic representation of the aforementioned construction with respect to the presented concepts in Role and Reference Grammar including the layered structure of the clause, logical structure, semantic macroroles, information structure, activation status of the referents and linking algorithm. Explaining object omission in the framework of RRG, indicates one of the advantages of this grammar. Although RRG attends to the interaction between form and function, it declines the abstract layers or elements in the syntactic analysis. Accordingly, in this grammar the syntactic structure of the clause is represented based on what is explicitly applicable. Therefore, RRG is not faced with any restriction in explaining object omission and regarding what is explicitly presented in the sentence, it behaves with transitive verbs which omit their objects as intransitive ones. The most specific attainments of investigating object omission in the framework of RRG are as follows: In the layered structure of a clause with omitted object, one of the arguments of the core will be reduced and the syntactic representation will be like an intransitive verb with just one argument (subject) in the core. The logical structure of such verbs, likewise, will be represent with just one argument (x), unlike transitive verbs which has two arguments (x, y) in logical structure. Regarding the aktionsart type of the verbs, the findings indicate that activities are the most frequent verbs in object omission construction. the reason is that the second argument of activity verbs is not a macrorole and therefore can be omitted. Describing object omission with regard to information structure and activation status of the referents in RRG shows that as in the aforementioned construction the object is omitted, it cannot be a focal or topical element and its referent can be considered as an accessible one. Since it is the hearer’s knowledge of the world that makes it possible to understand the notion of the omitted object. Moreover, in this study, regarding object omission construction, linking algorithm from semantic to syntax and from syntax to semantics has been provided. The bidirectional diagrams show that the linking principles of selecting and linking undergoer in both directions will not exist in the objectless sentences.

object omission construction is a valency-reduction process in which a transitive verb appears without its object and is used as an intransitive one. However, the addressee can still understand the meaning of the objectless sentence. The type of object omission considered in this paper is context-independent, in which the referent of the omitted object is not mentioned in previous context and the context does not provide any clue to recover the unspecified object. Among different factors which can affect object omission, in this research aims to find out the discourse-pragmatic factors which can facilitate this construction in Persian.

In this paper, a new mechanism is proposed to transform the structural modeling elements of the UML class diagram and object-Z specifications into each other. A set of bidirectional rules is defined to transform the mentioned elements into each other. Bidirectional transformation of the UML class diagram, as one of the most useful diagrams of UML, and object-Z specifications into each other prepares the ground for the use of the unique advantages of both formal and visual modeling methods. The feasibility of the proposed approach is evaluated using the multi-lift case study. The results of conducting the multi-lift case study show that the proposed mechanism is feasible.

In the case that the omission, the criminal behavior of the Consequence-bound crimes, the omission must lead to the realization of the result, and this is where the difference of opinion arises. Because it is not easy to imagine that omission can lead to the realization of the result, and therefore, although Article 295 of the Islamic Penal Code accepted omission as a Actus reus of JENAYAT, but the causation in omission is still the path of conflict.In order to clarify some of the ambiguities related to the relationship of causality in omission, the author has collected related jurisprudential and legal sources in a library form and has tried to solve the problems of this issue with a descriptive analytical method. The result of the present research is that all human behaviors are act, and none of the voluntary behaviors can be called omission, unless the person is the addressee of an order or request, and the failure to do so is called omission. Therefore, if a person does not do an order to do a task, he has committed an omission; Even if he is doing an act when he is not doing it. Like an officer who refuses to give pills to a prisoner because of exercising, although exercising is an action, this does not invalidate his omission. In terms of the causation, omission is sometimes the only condition for the realization of the crime, and sometimes it can be considered as its cause. If omission is a condition for the realization of the JENAYAT, if the omission is not done, the JENAYAT will not be committed, but the omission cannot be considered the cause of the JENAYAT. But in the case that omission is the cause of the JENAYAT, it goes beyond the mere conditionality and attribute the result to itself.

It is possible to commission of quasi-intentional felony, the subject of three clauses of article 291, by omission with this condition that the most prominent example of felonies is to be committed by the omission in C section (falseness) of this article. In clause (a) and (b) of this article, the behavior is not effective and can consist of action and omission. The most challenging part of this research is the possibility of commission of simple mistake felony by omission. The commission of simple mistake felony, the subject of clause (a) of Article 292 is not possible by omission, since in this assumption, or the perpetrator is not responsible for the lack of the condition of ability or, in the case of liability, the crime is intentional or quasi-intentional. In clause (b) of this article, if the minor is undertaking in accordance with Article 85 of the Non-Litigious Matters Act, and a felony is committed by commission, this is simple mistake felony. Finally, although the commission of simple mistake felony, the subject of clause (c) of Article 292, is rare by omission, but it cannot be falsified.

The omission of the crime has always been one of the issues disputed in legal literature. Legislator in Article 295 of the Penal Code in 1392 allows crime by omission accepted and the conditions for the realization of this type of criminal behavior considered; But what has been said in this article about the omission is subject to leave and not absolute act of omission; In no event will the liability would leave it to the apex of the result will not be because the omission of occurrence of loss, only the ' condition' and the behavior of the results will not be about citation. In addition, it seems that the provisions of Article 295 are incompatible with the law and logical in some ways.

The goal of this study is aimed to review, criticism and to show the place of “bound and omission” as an one of the important principle of rhetorical technic. It is also one of the applicable eloquence method for analyzing texts. This subject refers to deep structures of words and covert layers of the speaker's minds and it is one of the first’s books of rhetorical works which is object of attention by eloquence followers. This technical has also been used by various poets, writers and theosophist for several times since now and it dedicated separate and detailed field to itself. Therefore “omission and bound” are the joint application between speaker and his addressee. The speaker for showing his personal ideas and addressee, including researcher or ordinary reader, for analyzing components of the work.

objective and subjective pronouns have different behaviors in different languages. The parameter pro-drop is used to distinguish languages in this respect. Persian is among languages that allow the omission of the subjective pronoun. In this paper, the writer first describes the characteristics of pro-drop languages, and then applies this parameter in his study of a number of Iranian languages including Persian, Gilaki, Mazandarani, Lori, Urami and Surani. In this study the writer has used 6 typological criteria.